Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, was the capital of British India until 1911 and played a central role in the country’s colonial and intellectual history. Established by the British East India Company in the late 17th century, the city quickly grew into a major administrative, commercial, and cultural hub. Its colonial legacy is evident in its grand architecture, including landmarks such as the Victoria Memorial and Howrah Bridge, which remain iconic symbols of the city. Kolkata was also at the forefront of the Indian Renaissance, contributing significantly to literature, art, science, and social reform. Prominent figures such as Rabindranath Tagore and Swami Vivekananda were closely associated with the city, shaping its intellectual and spiritual identity. Kolkata also played a crucial role in India’s independence movement, serving as a center for political activism and reform. Its heritage is a blend of colonial influence and indigenous cultural evolution, making it one of India’s most historically rich cities.